A cattle prod only causes pain, it does not significantly affect the muscles and nervous system of the body. The stun gun high voltage transformer is Suit for stun gun, security equipment, guard against theft and so on Igniter for installation instructions: Two thin wires connected with power or battery(DC4. And the. A stun gun is an electrical self-defense device that uses a high voltage to stun an attacker. However, it’s important to note that voltage is not the only factor that determines the effectiveness of a taser. The Power of a Police Stun Gun. How Voltage Affects the Body. §§ 53a-61, 53a-216 (2021); State v. (69) $10. Violations of these restrictions are misdemeanors. It has 4. Looks more discreet than a standard stun gun. Second, the loud arc audio can be used to draw attention to you and deter the threat from a distance. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. 0:52. 5” LED Stun Gun Baton 12M. Operating in this capacity ensures that the target receives a shock that essentially stuns the target for up to 15 minutes but leaves no. Raysun X-1, a multi-purpose handheld weapon. Voltage doesn’t really matter; it’s the amperage (current) that kills. 0036 amps. Into 600-ohm (Ω) load: • Pulse duration: 50–125 microseconds (µs). Specifically, a taser fires in 100 microsecond pulses, 19 times a second. Why your stun gun circuit did not work properly -. The Cattle Prod is primarily to shock someone or some animal, as the case may be. How Powerful Is a Taser? The effects of a taser depend on the weapon voltage. Conventional stun guns have a fairly simple design. A basic stun gun conceptStun taser wiring High voltage stun gun circuitStun gun schematic own diagrams build taser electric diy. Am. Standard Stun Gun. The voltage output of a stun gun can vary depending on the model, size, quality, and manufacturer, ranging from 5,000 to 1 million volts. Stun guns are designed to be used in close proximity to the target, and they require direct contact with the skin to be effective. 50% Polyester, 25% Cotton, 25% Rayon Availabl. Vipertek Extreme High Voltage 76 Billion Volt Self Defense Stun Gun Holster. The Flash Stun Gun reports around 2. $14. This taser has a built-in flashlight. A stun gun is a handheld device that delivers a high-voltage shock to an attacker. 9 milliamps stun, effectively deterring an attacker by. 4: Buy On Amazon: 8: mace Brand 2, 400: 8. Am. Police and Law enforcement officials approved self-defense keychains. For this reason, the Taser Bolt 2 is widely considered one of the best tasers for women. Electric cattle prod from the 1950s. Rechargeable stun gun. . The level of voltage: Low voltage (less than 500 V) can cause pain, muscle spasms, and burns. Axon. However, you should also consider the microcoulomb (μC) value. Taser batons can also be used as clubs for self defense. A Taser overloads this communication system by introducing low-amperage, high voltage electricity. A taser with at least 50,000 volts of output is ideal. STUN GUNS AND THE VOLTAGE MYTH WARNING: Don’t purchase a stun gun before reading the shocking truth. District Court ruled that the state's "sweeping," complete ban. Inferno - Stun Gun Flashlight with Rubber Handle and Holster Included. Our stun guns are lawful to carry and more powerful than a 9mm pistol. Specifically, a taser fires in 100 microsecond pulses, 19 times a second. +. At $24, this is one of the pricier stun guns on our list. 1 offer from $15. Think of the voltage more as the carrying tool that delivers the amperage to the target. The ShockTEK Defense TEK-12 stun gun is the highest voltage stun gun we’ve ever tested. These devices use a high-voltage low-amperage current to override the subject's ability to control the peripheral nervous. While the voltage is high, the current or amperage delivered is low, usually below 3 milliamperes. How to make high voltage generator | Powerfull 400kv stun gun transformerIn this video, I show you how to make a high voltage generator using a transformer. It’s a great self-defense tool that can help to stop an attacker or animal in their tracks. 95 Add to Cart; Streetwise Stunbrella. #3. Cardiac stimulation with high voltage discharge from stun guns. Sabre S-1005 – 1,000,000 volts. 7 Lakkireddy D, Wallick D, Ryschon K et al. For M26 taser models, the milliamp level is 3. A stun gun is a handheld device that delivers a high-voltage shock to an attacker, which temporarily disables them. The Taser X2 electronic weapon is displayed for a photograph at the Taser International Inc. 5” long, so is comfortable to carry. Stun gun high voltage module autopsy & schematicGun stun circuit 3v diagram simple electronic schematic stungun dc electronics project identify solutions Stun gun electric amazon signTaser use. Vipertek VTS-989. 10,000 volts acts more like "high voltage" but 100,000 volts is even better (for arcs, lighting gas tube lights at a distance, etc). The Anti-Felon ID tags stick to attacks which allows law enforcement to identify much easier. C2: 10x 1uF 250V ceramic capacitors in parallel. 5-5 milliamps. i made it just for fun and stuying high voltage. However, the voltage takes a different path in the handheld taser than in the stun gun. A 50,000-volt Taser shock can immobilize someone, but how does such a powerful jolt affect the brain? What is the power of a stun gun? Voltage, along with amperage, is a major difference between cheap stun guns and high-quality units. #16. Not only does the device come with the assurance of a second backup shot it is also the only Taser that comes with a contact-stun feature when loaded. 6mA average current (0. 5 A), short duration (≈20 microseconds), repetitive (5–20 pulses per second) shocks when in contact with the victim's skin. Safety Tech Bashlite Rechargeable Stun Gun Flashlight (#3rd Best Choice) 4. DIY Stun Gun Circuit on PCB. Download: free Website: Thingiverse. ) and it functions with the aid two main components: resistive divider (neon lamp) and diac. #6. Rated 0 out of 5. The current debate over the use of tasers, for example, would seem to indicate there isn't much conclusive evidence. Follow edited Apr 19, 2019 at 22:24. Designed to quickly disable any attacker, the device doubles as both a baton and a stun gun to fend off a physical attack. They cause temporary harm to the body through different means, but not enough to be lethal. The Stun Master Mini Badass flashlight stun gun is made of high quality aircraft aluminum and delivers a shocking blow when used as a stun gun, flashlight, or baton. The person would most definitely feel the effect of the electric shock, but there is no real damage done. However, it’s important to note that the actual effectiveness of a stun gun does not. 1 offer from $25. Something went wrong. TASER ® is a brand of stun gun that has shooting prongs and can quickly protect you from an attacker, even at a distance. which deliver a high-voltage electric shock - were fired on 2,500 occasions between April 2018 and. The Ladies Choice stun gun is our highest voltage taser for women. TASER 7 Dock Quick Start Guide MPC0276. Stun guns work by targeting the nervous system. When we first started selling stun guns back in 2000, the highest voltage stun gun at the time was a whopping 300,000 volts. Here’s a list of my components: SW1: regular push button. Stun guns generate a high-voltage, low-amperage electrical charge. However, this high voltage shouldn't be confused with lethality. The most common voltage for a stun gun is between 100,000 and 300,000 volts. While TASER ® law enforcement laws are nearly universal and lenient, personal TASER laws vary significantly from state to state. This flashlight taser incorporates an LED. Based on multiple conversations with other stun gun manufacturers (off the record) they tell us there are voltage limits inherent to stun devices that. What Is the Highest Voltage for a Stun Gun? High-voltage stun guns are considered the most effective self-defense tools, as they are more likely to incapacitate. 5. While a stun gun is a contact weapon, the Taser is a projectile weapon that shoots small barbed darts using a charge of compressed nitrogen. . Since current is defined as (change in charge)/ (change in time), we can state this as 1. There are many reasons women prefer the Taser 7 CQ for home defense and personal protection. Jan 23, 2010 #2 Pitt123 said: I have heard that a shock from DC voltage is more painful/harmful than one from AC of the same voltage magnitude. You really don’t need more than that, but 50,000 volts in the police grade taser ensures it will get through just about anything. 82 uC charge - more than enough to drop an attacker in his or her tracks. Taser Pulse Self-Defense Tool – (2) Cartridges, (1) Conductive Target, Black, Medium (39066) Optimized self-defense range: 15. If you lower the volts, you lower the amps, or vice versa (more volts = more amps). The Thyristor type is the most efficient one. Generally, stun guns range from 0. A shorter waterfall would be equivalent to a smaller voltage. You’ve looked through the hoopla about voltage if you’re hunting for the highest amperagestun pistol. In certain industries, high voltage refers to voltage above a certain threshold. The combination of high voltage and low amperage is specifically engineered to achieve this objective while minimizing the risk to the target. 5 The peak voltage output of the device is as high as 50 000 volts. We highly recommend the TEK-12 to anyone looking for a stun gun/flashlight all-in-one unit. Taser is probably the most famous brand of stun gun due to their wide-spread use by law enforcement agencies. On Sale. 5″ inches long and works as both a flashlight and taser. Description 928 Taser Stun Gun – Rechargeable. A basic stun gun conceptStun taser wiring High voltage stun gun circuitStun gun schematic own diagrams build taser electric diy. However, Connecticut courts have found that you can't be convicted for both criminal use of an electronic defense weapon and the underlying crime. The output voltage also depends upon the current output of the source. Stun guns are designed to be used in close proximity to the target, and they require direct contact with the skin to be effective. A stun gun, unlike its more sophisticated cousin, the Taser, is a personal safety device that operates by delivering a high-voltage shock upon direct contact. How Smart Tech Makes Smarter Defense. What Our Customers Love. Taser X2 Stun Gun. The highest-voltage stun gun typically has 10 million volts or more. The taser has two modes: the first, pulse mode, causes neuromuscular incapacitation as the neural signals that. We highly recommend the TEK-12 to anyone looking for a stun gun/flashlight all-in-one unit. The body has a non-slip rubber grip and snatch prevention wrist strap. Civilians can also own and possess stun guns in Oregon, subject to a few restrictions and limitations. ”The TASER X26 functions as a constant current generator and delivers an initial 50 000-V to begin an arcing shock (the actual voltage delivered to the body is in the range of 1400–2520 V), followed by. Impact on the Human Body They are fully legal in nearly 3 dozen states, which is one reason they have become a popular self defense alternative to things like pepper spray and mace. 5 uC is enough to cause pain, and a charge of 1 uC is enough to cause the. A few weeks after joining Axon in early 2019, industrial designer Mark Eastwood stood on a collection of foam mats in the atrium of the company’s Scottsdale, Arizona headquarters. The voltage gives the prongs the ability to penetrate clothing. Taser use can result in injuries and has been implicated in a small number of deaths. Some people may bring up high voltage shocks from a taser or static electricity as proof that “voltage doesn't kill. High voltage claims are not only wildly misleading, but also physically impossible. So for the same voltage potential will a shock from DC be more harmful and why?Best Stun guns for safety in 2020:-. $2082. Two cartridge types for Close Quarters and Stand-off situations, with dual laser including range adjusting lower laser. Stun guns come in different shapes and sizes, but they all have two metal prongs that deliver an electric shock. Tasers are not meant to kill people and do not emit a high enough voltage for lethal electrocution. While the voltage is high, the current or amperage delivered is low, usually below 3 milliamperes. 1、Main function: High voltage electric shock. High voltage can be LETHAL. Based on multiple conversations with other stun gun manufacturers (off the record) they tell us there are voltage limits inherent to stun devices that. The strongest stun guns are advertised with millions of volts worth of power. For example, in California, Cal. Just looking at it (and the price) we’re going to go out on a limb and say the. Claimed Voltage – We have seen the claimed voltage vary over the years from just 5,000,000 Volts to 50,000,000 Volts. The electric. This may be a little tricky, but it can be done. FAQ. The tasers — and nearly obsolete dashcams — were grouped into the total body cam estimate of $1. Stun Gun or Taser. According to experts: 30,000 is the maximum voltage that could jump across stun gun contacts spaced one centimeter apart. SABRE Pepper Spray, Quick Release Keychain for Easy Carry and Fast Access, Finger Grip for More Accurate and Faster Aim, Maximum Police Strength OC Spray, 25 Bursts, Secure and Easy to Use Safety. Check out some of our best high amperage stun guns, like the popular rechargeable Runt or the intimidating Knuckle Blaster. 50,000 volts from a Taser is FAR MORE HARMFUL, especially because the Taser darts penetrate the skin, and connect to Taser's high voltage transformer to the internal, highly conductive wet saline (salt) environment of the human body. What Is the Highest Voltage for a Stun Gun? High-voltage stun guns are considered the most effective self-defense tools, as they are more likely to incapacitate an attacker. Use a power bar with a thermal fuse rather than sticking the circuit directly in the socket. Hampshire and Thames Valley police start a rollout of the new Taser 7 to replace the older X2 model. After the original Taser, that was invented in 1969, came the idea for the handheld stun gun. Aircraft grade aluminum alloy construction. Step 1: Parts. That said, if you are a mad scientist who likes getting high voltages to make sparks and plasma, this collection is for. It is not often that you see a high quality and inexpensive product all in one. 1. A taser is a device that is used to stun or immobilize a target by delivering an electric shock. There’s not much difference when considering stun gun vs. In one notable case, Keenan Anderson, a 31-year-old teacher and father, died this year after being. the highest amperage stun gun. The electricity affects the attacker’s muscles and makes them weak. Stun gun is a device which generates high voltage at it’s output by taking low voltage as input. 2. A stun gun works by delivering a high voltage electric shock to an attacker, causing muscle spasms and disorientation. A Taser is a conducted energy device (CED) primarily used to incapacitate people, allowing them to be approached and handled in an unresisting and thus. Yes, both deliver non-lethal, super-high voltage electric shock to incapacitate a target, the only thing seemingly different between each platform being their method of delivering electric shock. 99. The voltage across the body is about 1,200 volts during the shock. A multiplier taser, which takes in DC power, consists of high-voltage capacitors, diodes, and a transformer. DC 7. 4. high voltage capacitor and other electronic components wear out over. If you are interested in purchasing a taser for yourself for self-defense (or if you’re a law. Taser® Strikelight 2 (#2nd Best Choice) 3. On a non-ELI5 level, power is equal to voltage x current. We discuss external stimulation of the heart by high voltage discharges and review studies. 5. Stun guns deliver very short electrical pulses with minimal amount of current at high voltages. 30,000 is the maximum voltage that could jump across stun gun contacts spaced one centimeter apart. Stun guns are a direct contact device that emits a high pulse frequency to restrict movement. The ViperTek VTS-989 is a great little stun gun to carry while jogging, walking the dog, grocery shopping or carry it anywhere and have one by the front door to grab if you must answer the door. A taser works by operating at a high voltage and low amperage of about 3-4 milliamps. Using the unloaded voltage of a taser is somewhat meaningless. A self defense stun gun delivers an electric shock to an attacker. Weighing in at just 8 ounces, this high-tech, intuitively designed device is revolutionizing the selWhat is the highest voltage legal taser? 30,000 is the maximum voltage that could jump across stun gun contacts spaced one centimeter apart. VIPERTEK VTS-880 (BEST VALUE) The Vipertek. These astronomical figures sound impressive - but the truth is, when it comes to stun guns, claims like these are not only wildly misleading, but also physically impossible. C2 is made of 10x 1uF capacitors in parallel. COMPACT SIZE - MADE EASY TO CARRY: Small size 4” x 2” x 1” with rubberized grip, Includes nylon holster with belt loop for easy carrying. Am. These high-voltage stun guns can effectively penetrate thick clothing and deliver a powerful shock to immobilize an attacker. FIGHTSENSE Sting Tactical Heavy Duty Flashlight Stun Gun - High Voltage Police Grade Strength - Rechargeable Batteries -. Guard Dog Security Hornet World’s Smallest Stun Gun is the best choice if you are looking for a mini version of a stun gun. Despite theoretical analyses and animal studies which suggest that stun guns cannot. But that voltage never reaches the targets. They put out closer to 20-40. What is the voltage on a police taser? - Quora. In paper [], author constructs a handheld stun gun with components such as a 9 V battery, IC 555 timer, a MOSFET IRF530 transistor, a transformer with a turn ratio of 1:10, diodes, and capacitors with a voltage rating of 2500 V to handle high input voltages. From thousands of volts to millions. JOLT Rechargeable 95M Police Stun Gun (Editor’s Choice) 2. In reality most 50kV tasers don’t produce 50kV when tazing someone. This voltage will penetrate through clothing and skin to deliver the electrical current into the subject’s body. If you are looking for a high-quality stun gun for women, the Taser brand is definitely worth checking out. Media coverage of the stun guns has tended to highlight the 50,000 volts that propel the Taser’s electricity. Here's why. DC 6v up to 60kv Stun Gun High Voltage Moudle. If there’s a highly popular and leading self-defense weapon combo, it would be the SABRE Pepper Spray & 2-in-1 Stun Gun with Flashlight. Among these devices, the Vipertek VTS-989 takes the top spot thanks. We found the best TASER products for sale and best. Each pulse, 100 microCoulombs of charge are released. This is why tasers make a clicking noise. How much voltage is a Taser? On average, a taser emits about 50,000 volts, which can affect muscle movement. Commonly referred to as a stun gun, electroshock weapons are a relative of cattle prods, which have been around for over 100 years and are the precursor of stun guns. When examining how many volts are in a taser utilized by police, it's common to find that these levels surpass what one might initially expect. $20. 212 reads:The shock plates on the side of the stun gun also deliver a high voltage shock making it impossible to snatch it from you. Taser schematic. The amperage in a stun gun is measured in units smaller than amps - called milliamps. They release about 1,200 volts. The Taser X2 is a semi-automatic low voltage, high-performance law enforcement model, but civilians can use the model, as well. According to one supplier’s advertisement, a design feature in its modern stun gun is an automatic switch-off after 15 seconds of use. Not that you would really try the experiment, but metal shorting a power outlet will give you a burn or a fire depending on how quickly the. Once the darts make a connection with a target, the Taser sends 50,000-volt electric pulses into the victim's body, causing intense muscle spasms and sharp pain. 34 million per year. Although the terms Taser and Stungun are interchangeable, they are not the same thing. 99. Do not attempt to recreate anything you are about to see in this video. The “stun gun voltage chart” is a list of the highest voltage tasers. TASER 7 Disconnect Battery Pack Guide MPC0301. 6 microcoulombs, the highest microcoulomb rating in all of the Mace Brand stun guns. This guide will help you understand how to pick the perfect stun gun for your safety, and help you decide between the most powerful stun gun or a beginner's. Talon Stun Gun. Gen. The darts can penetrate clothing and, once they make contact with the target, deliver the electric shock, which disrupts the. high-voltage, low-ampere pulse wave circuit. The strongest stun guns are advertised with millions of volts worth of power. Any claimed voltage greater violates the laws of physics. Despite this, the current is still enough to incapacitate the target. These needlepointed probes are still connected to the Air Taser handle. Colors: $59. Voltage is commonly used to describe the effectiveness of a taser. The basic idea of a stun gun is to disrupt this communication system. With a taser, the voltage is delivered in short little bursts, short enough that it mostly limits permanent harm. by thechocolatist in. These self defense products provide extra protection by allowing you to stun an attacker from a greater distance. 5 A in the secondary, it would have to be 25kA 25 k A in the. Tasers are part of a class of less lethal weapons referred to as conducted energy weapons (CEWs) Most common in the U. 002 to 0. 3. Apr 24, 2016. 9 milliamps. Brand: Taser. The high-voltage electric shocks overwhelm nerve pathways, inducing immediate discomfort and triggering intense sensations akin to being burned or stabbed. 2V. When it comes to the strongest stun guns, the amps are. Trail rated walking stick with high voltage stun gun. When the prongs come into contact with an attacker, they disrupt the body’s communication system, causing muscle contractions. are 16 or 17 years old and don't have a parent's written consent. Vipertek Extreme High Voltage 76 Billion Volt Self Defense Stun Gun Holster. Now, let’s talk about one of the more important features of either product: its effectiveness! The “power” of a stun gun is often expressed in the voltage. INTERNAL RECHARGEABLE BATTERY: Our stun gun for women and men simply plugs into a standard wall outlet for a complete. How many amps is a Taser? The electrical output of the TASER is 50,000 Volts. Vipertek has an excellent reputation for producing high-quality and reliable self-defense products. Internals of a Stun Gun Internals of a Stun Gun. A "taser" produces a high voltage and a very low current. Here the voltage of the capacitor is not high (250 – 500 V approx. We'd build it with a high voltage and a current limit as limiting the current is how we can guarantee limiting possible damage. A multiplier taser, which takes in DC power, consists of high-voltage capacitors, diodes, and a transformer. X. J. As well, the high-voltage pulse of a Taser is said to carry only a small current, typically 0. The Taser X2 fires darts that flow high voltage electricity directly into the attacker’s body. Rechargeable flashlight 95M stun gun made of military grade aluminum!This videos shows how to build a mini Jacob's Ladder. are addicted to any narcotic drug. Most stun guns are 100,000 volts, some as high as 200,000 volts. JOLT Rechargeable 95M Police Stun Gun (Editor’s Choice) 2. . In reality, voltage tells you how far the spark will jump - and how much clothing. With a taser, the voltage is delivered in short little bursts, short enough that it mostly limits permanent harm. When the switch is pressed, the timer IC 555 goes into action; the IC 555 is. You have a lot of power in your hand when you. The Cattle Prod delivers from about 1,500 volts to 10,000 volts. Both devices are intended for self-defense purposes. 7 Ohm (current limiting and timing) K1 relay: Omron G8QN-1C4 DC12. High-voltage stun guns create a bright lightning bolt and a loud cracking sound that will send an attacker running. . Entry-level stun guns are comparable to the cost of eating lunch at your favorite place. 5” long, so is comfortable to carry. 7 Lakkireddy D, Wallick D, Ryschon K et al. However, this high voltage shouldn't be confused with lethality. High voltage levels give you an opportunity to incapacitate an attacker through clothing as. instagram: stimulation with high voltage discharge from stun guns. Cardiol. Police TW10-59 Stun Gun. #16. A stun gun is a handheld device that delivers a high-voltage shock to an attacker. They use low voltage and high wattage with near 100% efficiency in taking down an assailant. This voltage represents the peak voltage potential across the probes when the circuit is in the open state, that is, when no current is flowing. Here the voltage of the capacitor is not high (250 – 500 V approx. DC 7. This 15 billion max voltage heavy-duty stun gun by Police is super compact and can easily be tossed in a knapsack or strapped onto your belt with the included holster and carrying case. Since the current in the secondary would also have to be reduced by that factor, for the current to be 1. A spark gap taser, the most affordable yet ineffective option, operates through a. Stun guns deliver a high. While this sounds impressive, voltage measures the force of the electrical current, which does not indicate the pain induced to the target. 20 (2022). The actual power of a stun gun is measured in microcoulombs (μC) rather than voltage. Stun guns typically operate on high voltage but low current, incapacitating an attacker without causing long-term harm. 4. As mentioned there may be a. The highest voltage ever was produced by a tandem at a laboratory in Tennessee, USA, but how many volts did they reach?Suburban officer tases, shoots teen with special needs 06:17. In reality most 50kV tasers don’t produce 50kV when tazing someone. 5. Operating Temperature - 4° F to 122° F [-20° C to 50° C] Drop Test. So it’s really not that the voltage was high enough, but the current was too low, its that the voltage drops because the taser can’t deliver. The TASER can also be deployed by holding it directly against the suspect’s body. 99. The high voltage can deliver the safe current even through thick clothing or body armor. Most Compact: Police Force Tactical 13. SABRE Pepper Spray & 2-in-1 Stun Gun with Flashlight. taser. 03 amps. There’s not much difference when considering stun gun vs. Taser flashlightGun stun schematic power stungun transformer basic concept Why your stun gun circuit did not work properlyWiring diagram simple stun gun circuit diagram. The electroshock weapons produce a temporary high voltage, low current electrical discharge, to override the signals sent by the brain. Lastly, it is illegal to carry a taser in a public place unless you have a valid permit. Looks like a fancy ball point pen that will give your friends a shocking. Here’s a list of my components: SW1: regular push button. The amperage or amps of the taser does the real damage and sends electricity throughout the body. The Cattle Prod is primarily to shock someone or some animal, as the case may be. i made it just for fun and stuying high voltage. Kwik Force® Flashfire Rechargeable Stun Gun Flashlight. Read More Reviews on Amazon. 4. But that voltage never reaches the targets. Type of Taser Circuit. Comes in Black or. 2 to 5. Kwik Force® Flashfire Rechargeable Stun Gun Flashlight. Entry-level stun guns are comparable to the cost of eating lunch at your favorite place. 000 Volts and produces high voltage pulses discrupting muscles and nervous system, leaving anyone who touches it in a state of menthal confusion. 002 to 0. The charger is not included. Stun Guns are incredible survival tools because they cause fear to attackers. Abstract. 8V)you need, Two thick wires connected with power line of Security equipment, guard against theft and so on. Even a high-quality stun gun will typically cost less than a firearm or a Taser. But it kinda dangerous since the voltage is DC Voltage and a real taser is AC. 99 -50% $7. The 9V is boosted to thousands of volts by a transformer, and if a.